As a general matter, you can do this only if:
1. You have backups enabled in Word (Tools - Options - Save - Always create
backup copy); in which case, look for files named Backup of [original
name].wbk.
2. You're using Word 2003 or earlier and are using the version feature.
3. You have otherwised saved a backup of the file.
or
4. You're using Vista Ultimate or Enterprise (right-click the file in
Windows Explorer and look in the Previous Versions tab).
Users sometimes have luck harvesting text from leftover ~*.tmp files, but
that method is not very reliable.