I'm sure there are other issues as well, but three come to mind: DNS, FSMO
roles and tombstone age.
The moved domain controller will need a DNS server on the new network that
has the right entries. Your production DCs will also be generating errors
trying to replicate to what is essentially a "down" DC.
When you remove the DC from your production network, you need to make sure
the FSMO roles are all held by other DCs, but in the test environment the
migrated server would need to seize those roles. When you go to put it back
in the production network you'd have role conflicts.
If the moved DC is off the production network for more than the tombstone
age (60 days, I believe), it won't be able to resync with the production
DCs.
Like I said, I'm sure there are more issues than this. The bottom line is I
wouldn't be inclined to try it - I think your chances of screwing up your
production environment are pretty high.
What you might consider instead is to build a test environment from scratch
and use ldifde to export your users and import them into the new
environment.