No.
However, you can set the row height to an Exact value (Table Properties
dialog, "Row" tab). Then, if we try to enter more text then the height
allows, the extra text will simply "disappear" below the bottom row margin.
You can set the row height to an Exact value. That won't prevent typing more
characters into the cells in that row, but the extra text won't be visible, and
it won't push down the text that follows the table.